Alkali also known as a base, are typically found on the opposite end of the pH scale with pH values above 7 and are known for their ability to neutralize acids and react with them to form salts and water in a process called neutralization. The main characteristics of alkalis include:
• They taste bitter unlike acids which taste sour.
• They are slippery or soapy to touch due to the reaction of alkalis with the natural oils on the skin, forming soap-like substances.
• They have the ability to turn red litmus paper blue.
• They react with acid, to form salt and water, neutralizing the acidic properties.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, alkalis have pH values greater than 7, indicating their basic nature.
Examples of alkalis include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2), and ammonia (NH3).

Inorganic chemicals are chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.
Key characteristics of inorganic chemicals include:
• They contain elements such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids. They can form various ionic or covalent bonds without the presence of carbonhydrogen bonds.
• They encompass a diverse range of compounds. Examples include salts (such as sodium chloride), metals and metal oxides (like iron oxide), minerals (e.g., calcium carbonate), acids and bases (like sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively) etc.
• They are naturally occurring and can be found in minerals, rocks, soil, water, and the atmosphere.
• They are used in agriculture Industry as fertilizers, in medicine field as metalbased drugs or contrast agents for medical imaging, in construction for cement production, in electronics for semiconductor materials, and in many other fields.
• They are either highly stable or can react and participate in redox reactions. Exceptions: organometallic compounds, which contain metal-carbon bonds are considered a blend of organic and inorganic chemicals

Organic Chemicals contain carbon atoms bonded with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and more. Key characteristics of organic chemicals include:
• They contain carbon atoms, which have the unique ability to form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and various other elements.
• They include a vast array of compounds, ranging from simple hydrocarbons like methane and ethane to complex molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• They form the basis of biomolecules such as sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides, which are crucial for the structure and functioning of cells and living organisms.
• They are used in pharmaceuticals, plastics, synthetic rubber, dyes, pesticides, solvents, perfumes, and many other products.
Note: carbonates, carbides, and cyanides are examples of carbon-containing compounds that fall under the domain of inorganic chemistry, not organic.

Pesticides are chemical substances or mixtures of chemicals that are used to mitigate, or eliminate Pests i.e., insects, weeds, fungi, rodents, and other organisms to protect agricultural crops and indirectly protect human health and livestock from their adverse effects. Pesticides are grouped according to the types of pests they kill, such as:
• Larvicides – Target larvae of insects
• Insecticides: Target insects and arthropods
• Herbicides: Target unwanted plants, commonly known as weeds
• Fungicides: Target fungi and mold that can damage plants
• Rodenticides: Target rodents like rats and mice
• Nematicides: Target nematodes, microscopic worms that can harm plants
• Bactericides and Virucides: Target bacteria and viruses that affect plants
Key characteristics of pesticides include:
1. They help increase agricultural productivity by protecting crops from pests that can cause yield losses.
2. They also contribute to reducing the spread of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes carrying malaria or ticks carrying Lyme disease.
3. However, their use needs to be balanced with careful consideration of potential environmental and health impacts.
4. They are formulated as liquids, powders, granules, aerosols, or gases for specific application methods, such as spraying, dusting, or fumigation.
Examples of common pesticides and insecticides include organophosphate are insecticides, they affect the nervous system of insect, carbamate
also affect the nervous system of insect, pyrethroids are synthetic version of pyrethrin, a naturally occurring pesticide, found in chrysanthemums
(Flower) etc.

Dyes and pigments are both colouring agents used to add colour to various materials even though they serve a similar purpose, there are fundamental differences in their properties and applications.
Key characteristics of dyes include:
• They are soluble in liquids, which allows them to be easily applied to different materials.
• They are generally transparent or semi-transparent, allowing the underlying material's colour or texture to show through.
• They are absorbed into the material, resulting in a more permanent and vibrant coloration.
• They are commonly used in the textile industry for colouring fabrics, in the printing industry for inks, and have other applications like food colouring, cosmetics, and medical dyes.
Key characteristics of pigments include:
• They are insoluble in the medium they are applied to, which means they do not dissolve but remain as solid particles.
• They are generally opaque, meaning they cover the underlying material's colour and texture, providing excellent hiding power.
• They are often more stable and resistant to fading than dyes, making them suitable for outdoor applications and products that need to withstand exposure to light, heat, and other environmental factors.
• Pigments are commonly used in paints, coatings, plastics, ceramics, and various other applications.